Geogious Papanikolaou with the help of wife Mary invented the Papanicolaou test (commonly known as the Pap Smear Test) around 1927, but it wasn't until1948 that women started getting Pap Smear Tests.
His wife was very instrumental in helping him with his research. She was given an award for her part.
Every day, for the next 21 years (starting around 1927. So that was 7,665 times), Mary patiently agreed to climb up onto an examination couch and have her vaginal fluid sampled and smeared. Slowly Papanicolaou began to establish that, just like guinea pigs, it certainly was possible to see a change throughout a monthly cycle.
After some time, however, Papanicolaou began to wish for more subjects to compare his results. So Mary asked some friends over for a party (the first Pap Smear Party), and they too agreed to be sampled. Some weeks later, one of these women was diagnosed with cervical cancer. On hearing this news, Papanicolaou went back and examined her smear, taking it to be seen by another cytologist at Cornell. Together they discovered that cancerous cells were indeed visible on the smear.
This discovery allowed him further access and trials on patients. It confirmed that the pap smear could not only identify cancerous cells, but precancerous ones as well.
By the mid 1940s the technique was developed to the point where its widespread application was feasible. Papanicolaou began training people in the technique and eventually published a book on cytology in 1954.
He died of heart failure on Febuary 19, 1962, having only recently moved to Florida to direct a Cancer Institute which was post-humously renamed in his honour.
Thanks to his work, thousands and thousands of women are alive today.
However I think at least some of the credit should go to Mary Papanicolaou who worked as his assistant and for 21 years bravely submitted herself to a pap smear. She died in Miami in October 1982. Without her forbearance, Georgios Papanicolaou would have stalled before he started.
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